{"id":15401,"date":"2020-10-28T13:25:52","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T12:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/?p=15401"},"modified":"2024-09-06T19:18:46","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T17:18:46","slug":"root-causes-of-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/root-causes-of-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"10 Root Causes of Racism"},"content":{"rendered":"

According to Merriam-Webster<\/a>, \u201cracism\u201d is the belief that a person\u2019s race is a \u201cfundamental determinant\u201d of their traits and abilities. In the real world, this has led to persistent and insidious beliefs about superior and inferior races. Racism is also the \u201csystemic oppression\u201d of a racial group, giving other groups a social, economic, and political advantage. Both definitions matter in this article, which addresses ten root causes of racism (specifically against Black people) on a systemic and individual level.<\/p>\n

Register now: 5 Anti-Racism Courses You Can Audit For Free<\/a><\/p>\n

Cause #1: Greed and self-interest<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Many experts believe racist beliefs were developed to justify self-interest and greed. For almost 400 years, European investors enslaved people through the Transatlantic slave trade to support the massive tobacco, sugar, and cotton industries in the Americas. Slavery was cheaper than indentured servitude, so slavery was a business decision, not a reflection of hatred or bigotry.<\/p>\n

Chesapeake<\/a>, which grew tobacco, provides a good example. For a while, land owners used indentured servants, most of whom were young men who signed a 4-7 year contract. Servants were exploited during their contract, but after their time was over, they were free. The first Africans<\/a>, some of whom worked as indentured servants, likely arrived in 1619. However, by the 1660s, the number of indentured servants from Europe dwindled, so tobacco plantation owners began to rely on slavery to raise profits. What could justify the ownership of other humans? Defenders of slavery had a list of racist reasons<\/a>, saying that slavery was part of God\u2019s plan, it \u201ccivilized\u201d Black people, and that some races were so inferior they were meant to be slaves. As Preston Tisdale wrote in an opinion piece<\/a> for CTPost, \u201cthe demonization and dehumanization of African Americans needed to be powerful enough to obfuscate the horrors of slavery.\u201d Racism has certainly proved powerful.<\/p>\n

Cause #2: Scientific racism <\/strong><\/h2>\n

While many say ignorance sparks racism, some of history\u2019s most intelligent minds were behind racist ideas. Around the end of the 18th century, science replaced religion and superstition as the intellectual authority. In the way scientists started categorizing animals and plants, they also started categorizing humans. In 1776, German scientist Johann Fredrich Blumenbach classified humans<\/a> into five groups, putting \u201cCaucasian,\u201d or \u201cthe white race\u201d at the top. In the mid-1800s, Samuel George Morton<\/a> posited that brain size was linked to intelligence. He concluded that white people had larger skulls and were therefore intellectually superior. While scientific texts were not widely available in this era, Morton\u2019s ideas managed to spread in accessible publications, like cheap periodicals.<\/p>\n

Scientific racism only grew stronger as the years went by. The Nazis<\/a> relied heavily on classifications, eugenics, and other racist junk science when justifying their genocide. While no longer held in high regard, scientific racism continues to this day thanks to groups like the Pioneer Fund<\/a>, which supports publications writing about race-based differences in intelligence.<\/p>\n

Cause #3: Discriminatory policies<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Policies that discriminate by race reinforce racist beliefs. It sends a message to society that certain people, simply because of their race, don\u2019t deserve the same treatment or opportunities as everyone else. Governments use a variety of justifications, such as natural security or public health, that many won\u2019t ever question. It rarely matters if those justifications are at all based in reality.<\/p>\n

Housing laws are a prime example of this. In the United States, regulations kept Black people from owning houses in certain neighborhoods for decades, relegating them to lower-quality housing and preventing them from accumulating wealth. This process of providing housing to white, middle-class, and lower-middle-class families while excluding Black Americans and other Americans of color is known as \u201cred-lining.\u201d<\/a> The Federal Housing Administration believed if Black Americans bought homes in or near suburbs, the property values would drop. The FHA had no facts to back up this belief. Red-lining had consequences that resonate to this day, including but not limited to a gap in generational wealth and racist beliefs about Black people.<\/p>\n

Cause #4: Representation in media <\/strong><\/h2>\n

How the media represents people of different races in books, TV, movies, and music has a big impact on how society views race. While the media reflects cultural views, it also shapes culture and implants racist beliefs into young people and those new to a country. As an example, on a 2020 panel<\/a> about the media\u2019s influence on views about racism, a UNLV graduate student studying social work and journalism discussed how new immigrants are often first introduced to Black people as either criminals or police abuse victims. This negative media representation can convince immigrants they should stay away from Black people if they want to be safe.<\/p>\n

Racism in the media is not always malicious, but it has incredibly negative effects regardless of intent. As an example, Black people are over-represented<\/a> in media stories about poverty and welfare. This affects Black people\u2019s view of themselves as well as society\u2019s perception of Black people.<\/p>\n

Cause #5: A desire to \u201ckeep the peace\u201d <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Racism often persists because \u201ckeeping the peace\u201d or maintaining law and order is more important than change. In his book Stamped from the Beginning<\/a>, Ibram X. Kendi writes that racist ideas in America have long suppressed resistance to racial inequalities. When people believe racist things \u2013 like that Black people are naturally more violent and dangerous \u2013 they aren\u2019t disturbed by police brutality or mass incarceration. They believe it\u2019s justified.<\/p>\n

Even people who (supposedly) disagree with racist ideas can become focused on \u201ckeeping the peace\u201d when real change requires troubling the waters. In a 1963 statement<\/a>, eight Alabama clergymen called protests against racial injustice \u201cunwise and untimely.\u201d They asked the Black community to withdraw support from the demonstrations and \u201cunite locally in working peacefully.\u201d Dr. King responded in the famous \u201cLetter from Birmingham Jail,\u201d<\/a> which includes a piercing criticism of the \u201cwhite moderate,\u201d who King describes as \u201cmore devoted to order than to justice\u201d and who prefers a \u201cnegative peace, which is the absence of tension to a positive peace, which is the presence of justice.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cause #6: \u201cGood\u201d people who don\u2019t challenge racism<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Racist ideas flourish when \u201cgood\u201d people refuse to talk about them. While many people don\u2019t agree with racism, they fail to confront it head-on, which makes them ill-equipped to recognize all the forms of racism. This problem has a long history<\/a> in the United States. White abolitionists may have fought to abolish slavery, but they did not go after the laws and beliefs that kept Black people from being full, equal citizens in America. Many even ended up contributing to racism as they still saw Black people as inferior, though not so inhuman as to deserve slavery. The North<\/a>, which liked to see itself as progressive compared to the South, was home to numerous hate crimes.<\/p>\n

Cause #7. Failing to recognize racism in oneself<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In places like the United States, people aren\u2019t good at recognizing racism in themselves. There are a few reasons, including the country\u2019s failure to reckon with its racist legacy and the persistent myth that being \u201ccolorblind\u201d<\/a> is the best way to end racism. Many well-meaning people think if they just \u201clove everyone\u201d and ignore race, they can never be racist. They often fall into the trap that as long as they aren\u2019t wearing a white hood or using racial slurs, they\u2019re in the clear. However, believing in platitudes like \u201cI don\u2019t see race\u201d or \u201cAll lives matter\u201d ignores history<\/a> and pretends that the US has overcome all its problems regarding race.<\/p>\n

Cause #8: Community ties <\/strong><\/h2>\n

For individuals, finding community with people who share the same beliefs about race can strengthen racist thinking. As an example, if someone grows up surrounded by racist family members or friends, they\u2019ll likely share those beliefs. They\u2019ll repeat racist jokes, believe the same stereotypes, and seek out others who agree with them. Even if they begin to doubt their old views or experience the negative effects of their racism, community ties and fear of isolation can keep people from changing their minds.<\/p>\n

Stepping outside an echo chamber can help. In a study<\/a> that examined data from 46 countries, researchers found that those who live in more diverse places have a stronger sense of commonality (they see themselves as more similar to each other than different) than those who live in less diverse places. There are also organizations like Life After Hate <\/a>that help former extremists live happier, healthier lives.<\/p>\n

Cause #9: Quick, unconscious judgments<\/strong><\/h2>\n

People are quick to judge others based on their appearance, clothing, how they talk, and other physical traits. This isn\u2019t something necessarily shameful as humans are wired <\/a>to make fast judgments on our surroundings so we can stay safe. Our brains also use judgments as \u201cshortcuts,\u201d because it\u2019s very difficult to gather a ton of information before making a decision. However, humans aren\u2019t making judgments in a vacuum. Things like unconscious bias, our upbringings, the kind of media we consume, and more all factor into what we think of others.<\/p>\n

Thanks to the persistence of racist beliefs in most societies, it\u2019s easy to categorize entire groups of people as \u201clazy,\u201d \u201cviolent,\u201d \u201cloud,\u201d and so on. Sometimes, the generalizations aren\u2019t necessarily negative, like how Asian people in the US are frequently stereotyped as \u201csmart.\u201d However, any generalizations based on race are harmful. When not challenged, these lightning-fast judgments have a significant impact on how people are treated and the kinds of opportunities they get.<\/p>\n

Cause #10: Scapegoating <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Society always looks for a scapegoat when things aren\u2019t going well and when people experience personal struggles, they may blame others rather than themselves. Historically, racial (and often religious) minorities get blamed. As an example, when someone gets passed up for a job opportunity, they may say something like, \u201cIt\u2019s because I\u2019m white. The minorities always get the jobs.\u201d Scapegoating can lead to violence. \u201cThe Great Replacement Theory\u201d<\/a> is a big example. This racist belief claims that non-European immigrants are \u201creplacing\u201d white people around the world. A handful of mass shootings – like the ones in Christchurch, New Zealand; El Paso, Texas; Buffalo, New York – were carried out by men who believed in the theory.<\/p>\n

Register now: 5 Anti-Racism Courses You Can Audit For Free<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":15416,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8805],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issues","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n10 Root Causes of Racism | Human Rights Careers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/root-causes-of-racism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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