{"id":23531,"date":"2022-12-04T22:08:20","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T21:08:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/?p=23531"},"modified":"2022-12-04T22:15:25","modified_gmt":"2022-12-04T21:15:25","slug":"what-is-feminism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Feminism?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Feminism has many definitions depending on who you ask, but Britannica<\/a> provides a simple framework: it\u2019s the belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. No one should be refused certain rights – such as the right to vote, to hold political office, and to work outside the home – because of their sex or gender. Feminism goes beyond basic rights, however, and seeks deeper cultural shifts like an end to sexism and intersectional oppression based on gender, race, sexuality, and class. In this article, we\u2019ll cover a brief history of feminism, different types of feminism, and whether we still need feminism today.<\/p>\n

At its core, feminism is the belief that women deserve equal social, economic, and political rights and freedoms. Over the years, feminism has focused on issues like the right to vote, reproductive and sexual freedom, and equal pay. Feminism has also explored racism, gender norms, self-expression, and much more. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

A history of feminist movements<\/strong><\/h2>\n

There have always been cultures where women held power, like ancient Sparta <\/a>where women could own and inherit property, make business transactions, and receive a good education. There have also always been women who fought back<\/a> against patriarchal cultures. However, \u201cfeminism\u201d as we know it is a fairly new concept. Mary Wollstonecraft published \u201cA Vindication of the Rights of Women\u201d in 1792, and while she\u2019s considered a feminist icon today, that term wasn\u2019t applied in her time. The term became more well-known in the 1890s in Great Britain and America.<\/p>\n

This is when \u201cthe first wave<\/a>\u201d of feminism began to surge. The movement was closely tied with abolitionist movements and focused on suffrage. In 1848, at the Seneca Falls Convention<\/a>, three hundred attendants agreed on the movement\u2019s goals and strategies. Around the world, women\u2019s rights slowly began to improve. In 1893, New Zealand<\/a> allowed women to vote in the national elections. The US gave women the right to vote in 1920 while Great Britain followed in 1928.<\/p>\n

The second wave began in the 1960s. It was aligned with the anti-war and Civil Rights movements. Reproductive rights and issues related to sexuality also became more prominent. Feminism became more intellectually diverse and complex during these years, as well. Capitalism, the role of women, sexuality, and gender were all discussed as feminist movements around the world became less elitist and more inclusive than during the first wave.<\/p>\n

Third-wave feminism is trickier to define, but it both built on and challenged what second-wave feminism started. Third-wave feminism embraced individuality, irony, and the right to self-expression, which included attire and cosmetics their second-wave mothers might have considered oppressive and sexist. The internet played a big role during this era, as well, as it helped spread creative, multicultural feminist content. With its diversity of ideas, third-wave feminism represents a less cohesive movement than the first and second waves.<\/p>\n

Are we in the fourth wave of feminism? The wave metaphors are not perfect, but given massive shifts in societies around the world, it\u2019s safe to say that feminism is in a different era compared to the 1990s-2010s. There have been renewed attacks against women\u2019s rights<\/a>, especially reproductive rights, while the rise of social media gave feminist activists more tools. The fourth wave also represents the most diverse and inclusive version of feminism so far.<\/p>\n

Consider taking an online course on\u00a0Feminism and Social Justice<\/a>\u00a0to learn more.<\/p>\n

Feminism: three main types<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Feminism may seem simple at its core, but there are many different types<\/a>. Here are three of the main ones to know:<\/p>\n

Liberal feminism<\/h3>\n

Liberal feminism is what most people think of when they hear the word \u201cfeminist.\u201d It can also be described as \u201cmainstream feminism.\u201d As defined by philosopher Alison Jagger, liberal feminism focuses on political rights and equality in education and the workplace. That includes issues like equal access to education, equal pay, safer working conditions, and an end to job segregation based on sex. Liberal feminism is also concerned with private life as the distribution of unpaid work at home impacts a woman\u2019s ability to participate in public life. In the United States, liberal feminists focused on the Equal Rights Amendment, which would have amended the constitution to ensure legal gender equality<\/a>. Feminists worked on the ERA in the 1960s and 1970s, but it was never ratified by enough states.<\/p>\n

Over the years, liberal feminism has faced criticism on how it measures success and equality by patriarchal standards and fails to analyze gender, race, and class. Liberal feminism can also fail to challenge institutional power and end up reinforcing destructive capitalist cycles. With its focus on what individual women can do to \u201cget ahead,\u201d liberal feminism often fails some of society\u2019s most vulnerable.<\/p>\n

Radical feminism<\/h3>\n

As the name suggests, radical feminism<\/a> is more aggressive. It focuses on dismantling the patriarchy and traditional gender roles by ensuring reproductive rights, critiquing the nuclear family and motherhood, and challenging institutional power. Rather than trying to change things through established systems, radical feminists are more inclined to change the systems themselves. The movement rose during the 1960s when women in the anti-war and Civil Rights movements found themselves sidelined. Many activists founded feminist groups and embraced more radical ideas.<\/p>\n

Today, radical feminism is often linked to trans-exclusionary radical feminism, which denies that trans women are real women. The term \u201cTERF\u201d<\/a> originated in the 1970s when radical feminists began to split over support of trans women. Trans-exclusionary radical feminists also call themselves \u201cgender critical.\u201d Because of the negative connotations, feminists who support trans women tend to not identify as radical feminists.<\/p>\n

Intersectional feminism<\/h3>\n

Intersectional feminism examines how sexism, racism, classism, and xenophobia intersect and form systems of oppression. It counters \u201cwhite feminism,\u201d which by ignoring racial oppression, can support white supremacy. White feminism was born during feminism\u2019s earliest days as the most famous figureheads – like Elizabeth Cady Stanton- only cared about suffrage for white women<\/a>. The suffragettes also excluded poor, working women and dismissed issues involving wages, working hours, and unions.<\/p>\n

There have always been feminists embracing and advocating for intersectional thinking, but the term \u201cintersectionality\u201d was coined in a 1989 paper. In the paper, critical legal and race scholar Kimberl\u00e9 Williams Crenshaw<\/a> showed how the intersection of race and gender impacted the experiences of Black men and women in the legal system. Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins\u2019 1990 book Black Feminist Thought<\/a> is another essential text on intersectionality and how oppression based on race, gender, class, sexuality, and nation forms what Collins calls \u201ca matrix of domination.\u201d Today, intersectional feminism<\/a> continues to broaden society\u2019s ideas about feminism, power, and oppression.<\/p>\n

Does the world still need feminism? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Is feminism still necessary in today\u2019s world? When we look at women\u2019s rights globally, it\u2019s obvious we do. According to the World Economic Forum\u2019s 2022 Global Gender Gap Report<\/a>, it will take 132 years to reach full gender parity. The COVID-19 pandemic<\/a> did not help improve women\u2019s rights as women and girls felt the economic impacts harder, had their unpaid work increase, endured more gender-based violence<\/a>, and experienced more stress. Women are also more affected by climate change<\/a>, especially in rural areas. In certain places – like some African countries – men have to travel further to find work while women stay behind to run the household, take care of kids, and protect their land. However, their authority may not be protected by law. When women are given more power, however, they make more sustainable decisions, improve food security, and reduce energy demands.<\/p>\n

In some areas, feminist movements are met with brutal violence. On September 16, 2022, 22-year-old Mahsa Amini was detained by Iran\u2019s morality police. She died in custody. Her death sparked one of the largest protest movements since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Led primarily by women, the protests demanded equality and an end to Iran\u2019s oppressive government. Protestors in the Kurdish provinces<\/a> (Mash Amini was Kurdish) have been especially brave as women remove their hijabs in the streets and cut off their hair. The government response has been violent. According to Human Rights Activists<\/a>, at least 328 people have been killed – including children – while almost 15,000 have been arrested. The protests in Iran are just one example of a feminist movement facing significant backlash.<\/p>\n

Has feminism \u201cwon\u201d anywhere? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

In certain places, the need for feminism and support for feminist movements is clear. However, what about countries where feminists have supposedly \u201cwon,\u201d like the United States? The reality is not as victorious as some might hope. In 2017, writer and editor Amy Alexander wrote a piece for NPR<\/a> critiquing feminism\u2019s enduring focus on white women and marketing over substance. Alexander writes that feminism seems \u201cmore concerned with promoting superficial trappings of genuine equality than with doing the tough work required to address the hard, cold facts of gender and racial inequality.\u201d<\/p>\n

Writer Moira Donegan also delves into this shallow, shiny feminism in her newsletter \u201cNot the Fun Kind\u201d and piece \u201cPotemkin Feminism,\u201d<\/a> which argues that feminism\u2019s trendiness hides the fact it doesn\u2019t have real institutional power. Long-fought-for issues, like the gender pay gap, persist. According to Payscale\u2019s 2022 gender pay gap report<\/a>, American women earn about 82 cents for every dollar a man earns. When the report controls for job title, education, experience, hours worked, and so on, women earn 99 cents for every dollar a man earns. Race impacts the pay gap, as well; Black women are most likely to be paid less even when they have the same level of experience and the same job as a white man. In 2022, feminism\u2019s lack of real power was perhaps made most clear when the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade. No society has truly reached equality. Even in places where significant gains have been made, feminism is far from irrelevant.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":23554,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8805],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issues","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is Feminism? | Human Rights Careers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is Feminism?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Human Rights Careers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HumanRightsCareers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-12-04T21:08:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-12-04T21:15:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/feminism.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"627\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"418\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Emmaline Soken-Huberty\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@HuRiCareers\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@HuRiCareers\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Emmaline Soken-Huberty\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Emmaline Soken-Huberty\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/#\/schema\/person\/6f1a5aa6d77a682162b2d76bcf1628e4\"},\"headline\":\"What is Feminism?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-12-04T21:08:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-12-04T21:15:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\"},\"wordCount\":1635,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/feminism.jpeg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Issues\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/what-is-feminism\/\",\"name\":\"What is Feminism? 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