{"id":29580,"date":"2024-10-04T00:39:20","date_gmt":"2024-10-03T22:39:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/?p=29580"},"modified":"2025-04-19T03:09:40","modified_gmt":"2025-04-19T01:09:40","slug":"ways-inequality-affects-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/ways-inequality-affects-society\/","title":{"rendered":"13 Ways Inequality Affects Society"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In every society, certain groups have more wealth, education, job opportunities, access to healthcare and other advantages. This creates inequality on a local, national and global scale. Inequality is like a spider\u2019s web touching every part of society \u2013 from gender equality to housing to conflict \u2013 and when one strand is plucked, the effects reverberate through institutions, communities and the lives of individuals. In this article, we\u2019ll explore 13 of the most significant ways inequality affects society:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>#<\/th>\n<th>Topic<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Gender<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Race<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Poverty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Employment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>Health equity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>Disease burden<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>Mental health<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>Housing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>Economic growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>Climate change effects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>Immigration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>Conflict<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>#1. Gender<\/h2>\n<p>Inequality has a significant effect on how people of different genders get treated. According to UNICEF, discrimination can start as soon as girls <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/gender-equality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">go through puberty<\/a>. Adolescent girls do more unpaid labor, experience more sexual and gender-based violence and receive fewer educational opportunities. As discrimination and human rights abuses increase around the world, women and girls suffer the most. According to the UN, legal equality for women could take <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/un-international-womens-day-equality-discrimination-rights-48283363821f80ad880f86e4f1ed9d48\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">300 years<\/a> to achieve if progress doesn\u2019t speed up. While inequality affects women and girls to a significant degree, trans and gender-diverse people face challenges, too. Research shows that trans and gender-diverse people experience stigma, discrimination and violence in a variety of settings, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8726680\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">housing<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2024\/02\/07\/us\/us-transgender-2022-survey-reaj\/index.html#:~:text=The%20report%20also%20found%20that,territories%20and%20its%20military%20bases.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">employment<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Gender inequality manifests in many ways. Here are <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/examples-of-gender-inequality\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>15 examples of everyday inequality<\/em><\/a><em>. <\/em><\/p>\n<h2>#2. Race<\/h2>\n<p>Race is a social and political construct, but unscientific and hateful views about its definition have led to rampant inequality. According to stats from the United Nations, <a href=\"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2023\/goal-10\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">racial discrimination<\/a> is one of the most common forms of discrimination worldwide. Both men and women experience racial discrimination, along with related discrimination based on color, language and ethnicity. Racial inequality affects every sphere of society, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/article\/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">employment<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/7-findings-that-illustrate-racial-disparities-in-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">education<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2023\/01\/healthcare-racism-public-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public health<\/a>. Inequality can also fuel racism. For example, systemic inequalities that impoverish certain groups can encourage untrue beliefs about their intelligence, abilities and willingness to work. This stigma then reinforces inequalities, creating a vicious cycle.<\/p>\n<h2>#3. Poverty<\/h2>\n<p>Inequalities of all kinds <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/ways-poverty-affects-society\/\">affect poverty<\/a>. Income and wealth inequality are the two big causes. According to a 2023 Oxfam report, the wealth of the world\u2019s richest billionaires increased by a massive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/press-releases\/richest-1-bag-nearly-twice-much-wealth-rest-world-put-together-over-past-two-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$2.7 <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/press-releases\/richest-1-bag-nearly-twice-much-wealth-rest-world-put-together-over-past-two-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>billion <\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/press-releases\/richest-1-bag-nearly-twice-much-wealth-rest-world-put-together-over-past-two-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">every day<\/a> while at least 1.7 billion workers lived in countries where inflation grew faster than wages. Over two years, the richest 1% hoarded almost twice as much wealth as the rest of the world combined. This kind of inequality fuels poverty. In 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/poverty\/overview#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20a%20total%20of,and%20conflict%2C%20and%20climate%20change.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">712 million people<\/a> were living in extreme poverty, which is 23 million more than in 2019. Inflation inequality matters, too. When prices rise faster for those on the bottom of the income ladder, it increases the number of people <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertycenter.columbia.edu\/publication\/2019\/the-costs-of-being-poor-inflation-inequality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">living in poverty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>#4. Education<\/h2>\n<p>Inequality and education have a reinforcing relationship. According to the Economic Policy Institute, research names social class a significant predictor of a child\u2019s educational success in the United States. In the report\u2019s words, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epi.org\/publication\/education-inequalities-at-the-school-starting-gate\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cchildren who start behind stay behind.\u201d <\/a>It\u2019s not that these kids are less intelligent. Their schools get less funding. The Urban Institute found that in nearly half of US states, students from low-income families <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.urban.org\/features\/school-funding-do-poor-kids-get-fair-share\/#:~:text=All%20told%2C%20in%20nearly%20half,average%2C%20than%20their%20nonpoor%20counterparts.&amp;text=The%20third%20source%20of%20revenue,targeted%20based%20on%20students'%20incomes.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">got less state and local funding<\/a> than their higher-income peers. Globally, gender inequality impacts education. 122 million girls are out of school compared to 128 boys. Of the 763 million adults who don\u2019t have literacy skills, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/gender-equality\/education\/need-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">almost \u2154 are women<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>#5. Employment<\/h2>\n<p>Inequalities based on gender, race, wealth and more affect employment. Let\u2019s take a closer look at gender. The International Labour Organization calculated that while 72% of men participate in the labor force, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/infostories\/en-GB\/Stories\/Employment\/barriers-women#what-women\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just under 47% of women do<\/a>. This isn\u2019t because women don\u2019t want to work. Many do work, but they work in the informal economy, which isn\u2019t regulated by the government. In South Asia, 80% of women who don\u2019t work in agriculture work in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/news\/in-focus\/csw61\/women-in-informal-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">informal economy<\/a>, while 74% work there in sub-Saharan Africa and 54% in Latin America and the Caribbean. These jobs often pay much less than formal employment and lack legal protections. Women also face higher risks of sexual harassment and exploitation in informal and formal employment. While gender inequality is just one factor in employment, it has a global effect.<\/p>\n<h2>#6. Health equity<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-equity#tab=tab_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health equity<\/a>\u201d is the absence of unjust and avoidable health differences between groups. Discrimination based on gender, race, class and other characteristics threatens health equity, and while some discrimination is unintentional, it still impacts millions of people every day. For example, a 2021 systematic review found that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8036290\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trans and non-binary people experience \u201cerasure\u201d<\/a> when they seek healthcare. The CDC also states that due to factors like lower-quality healthcare, Black women in the US are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/womens-health\/features\/maternal-mortality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three times more likely<\/a> than white women to die from a pregnancy-related cause.<\/p>\n<p class=\"personal-insights\"><em>Inequality breaks down into numbers and statistics, but it can be seen with the naked eye, too. In my town, there\u2019s a cluster of lower-income apartments. Renters struggle to get the owner to fix dishwashers and clean up mold. Just a few blocks away, there are pristine, brand-new houses selling for millions of dollars. If you open your eyes, inequality is never far from sight.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<h2>#7. Disease burden<\/h2>\n<p>Inequality doesn\u2019t only affect access to healthcare; it also affects who is more likely to get sick. Consider income inequality. According to one study, low-income and middle-income countries have around <a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/4\/e047388\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">double the burden<\/a> of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases. Gender plays a role, too. That same study found an association between gender inequality and that double disease burden. Another study found that low-income and middle-income countries have around <a href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-023-17573-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">triple the rates <\/a>of people living with hypertension compared to high-income countries. Several factors contribute to who gets sick and who doesn\u2019t, but various inequalities drive a lot of those differences.<\/p>\n<h2>#8. Mental health<\/h2>\n<p>According to the World Health Organization, around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/mental-health#tab=tab_2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">970 million people<\/a> lived with a mental health condition in 2019. Mental health is complex, but research shows that inequality plays a part. One review of studies suggested a link between income inequality and mental health issues, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5775138\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depression<\/a>, while another study found links between racial discrimination and depression, anxiety, PTSD and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/effects-of-racism#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other mental health conditions<\/a>. Considering how poverty, a lack of education and discrimination affect a person\u2019s opportunities and daily life, it\u2019s no surprise inequality would also impact their short and long-term mental health.<\/p>\n<h2>#9. Housing<\/h2>\n<p>Housing is a human right, but the world is facing a crisis. Around 1.6 billion people can\u2019t access decent housing and basic services, and if things don\u2019t change, 3 billion people could be in crisis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/housing-crisis-immigrants-integration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by 2030<\/a>. Housing prices are rising faster compared to income. In the United States, the median home cost rose 30% while incomes rose just 11% <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/11\/10\/home-prices-are-now-rising-much-faster-than-incomes-studies-show.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the last 10 years<\/a>. Unequal income increases make the situation even worse. According to Inequality.org, the average income of America\u2019s richest 1% grew <a href=\"https:\/\/inequality.org\/facts\/income-inequality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">17 times faster <\/a>between 1979 and 2020 compared to the income of the bottom 20%. This makes it much easier for wealthy families to buy houses, which drives up prices and reinforces inequality.<\/p>\n<h2>#10. Economic growth<\/h2>\n<p>What happens to the economy when there\u2019s inequality? According to the International Monetary Fund, inequality between the highest and lowest income classes can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u2018directly hurt short- and long-term growth.\u201d<\/a> An Economic Policy Institute report found that the rise in American income inequality between 1979 and 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epi.org\/publication\/inequalitys-drag-on-aggregate-demand\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduced growth in aggregate demand<\/a>. This measures the total amount of demand for finished goods and services. As the report describes, inequality shifts income from lower-income households (who spend more money to pay for living expenses) to higher-income families (who save more money). When people don\u2019t spend as much, it hurts economic growth.<\/p>\n<p><em>To learn more about fighting inequality and discrimination, here\u2019s our list of <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/magazine\/online-courses-inequality-discrimination\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10 online courses<\/em><\/a><em>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<h2>#11. Climate change effects<\/h2>\n<p>Inequality determines who gets hit hardest by climate change. According to the World Economic Forum, while the lowest-income countries generate just <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2023\/01\/climate-crisis-poor-davos2023\/#:~:text=The%20lowest%20income%20countries%20produce,and%20water%2C%20education%20and%20more.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1\/10 of all greenhouse gas emissions<\/a>, they endure the worst climate change effects. Other inequalities play a role, too. According to one paper, things like gender and racial inequality put certain groups in the path of climate change, which in turn worsens existing inequality. It\u2019s a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/desa\/papers\/2017\/wp152_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cvicious cycle,\u201d <\/a>as the paper\u2019s authors put it. As an example, women fill <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S221242092200694X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">43% of the jobs<\/a> in agriculture, which is impacted by climate change effects like flooding, drought, hot temperatures and more. Women, who already endure more gender discrimination than men, suffer worse inequality thanks to climate change.<\/p>\n<h2>#12. Immigration<\/h2>\n<p>According to the International Organization for Migration, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iom.int\/reducing-global-inequalities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global inequalities reflect migration<\/a>. Wage and job inequality are the most obvious reasons. When people can\u2019t find decent work that pays well, they\u2019re more likely to migrate somewhere within their home country or beyond it. Discrimination and a lack of access to justice can also increase migration. Unfortunately, many migrants face inequality no matter where they go. In the United States, which has more immigrants than any other country, people move into a system infected with gender, <a href=\"https:\/\/inequality.org\/research\/immigrant-racial-inequality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">racial<\/a> and income inequality. Inequality and immigration reinforce each other.<\/p>\n<h2>#13. Conflict<\/h2>\n<p>The drivers of conflict are varied and complex, but while there\u2019s rarely one cause, inequality plays a big role. According to the International Monetary Fund, inequality can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">damage trust and social cohesion<\/a>, which are key to preventing conflict. Consider wealth inequality. When there are wide gaps between classes in society, the wealthy enjoy <a href=\"https:\/\/oxfam.dk\/documents\/artikler\/inequality-and-conflict-oxfam-ibis-brief-28feb2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unfair advantages<\/a> like more political influence, land, natural resources and basic services. That creates a recipe for polarization and discontent. When crises develop, it\u2019s much harder for an unequal society to come together to solve anything.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":29586,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8805],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issues","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.3 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>13 Ways Inequality Affects Society | Human Rights Careers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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