{"id":31492,"date":"2025-02-19T13:29:13","date_gmt":"2025-02-19T12:29:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/?p=31492"},"modified":"2025-02-19T13:29:34","modified_gmt":"2025-02-19T12:29:34","slug":"authoritarianism-101-definition-examples-and-how-to-address-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/authoritarianism-101-definition-examples-and-how-to-address-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Authoritarianism 101: Definition, Examples, and How to Address It"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2022, Freedom House released a report<\/a> titled \u201cThe Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule.\u201d Since then, other organizations, journalists, academics, and grassroots groups have warned the threat is not going away, but rather getting worse. Authoritarianism attacks democracy and human rights by stripping away the freedom, dignity, and safety of nearly everyone in a society. In this article, we\u2019ll define authoritarianism, provide examples of what it looks like, and explore the best ways to resist it.<\/p>\n

Definition: Authoritarianism today<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarianism is a political philosophy and type of government rule where a singular person or political party holds all the power. Britannica defines 20th-century authoritarianism<\/a> as a type of rule defined by a charismatic leader, a centralized government, a secret police force, strict control of information, and violence. Famous authoritarians from the past include Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, and Idi Amin.<\/p>\n

One-party dictatorships, military dictatorships, and absolute monarchies are types of authoritarian governments, but not every authoritarian regime announces itself. For example, India and Russia hold elections, but a passing glance at these governments reveals blatantly authoritarian characteristics like media censorship, the silencing of political opposition, and stacking the government with loyalists. As Professor Ben Ansell explained in an NPR interview<\/a>, countries with ties to Europe and the United States like to act and look like democracies, at least on the surface. Even a rigged election can send the message that the leader is popular and therefore justified in whatever oppressive plans they undertake. They may pay lip service to democratic norms, but they govern by violating them.<\/p>\n

What does authoritarianism look like? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Authoritarianism has several defining characteristics. In this section, we use examples from specific leaders, but authoritarianism doesn\u2019t always need a single powerful figure. Fixating on individuals can distract from tyrannical systems and acts that don\u2019t depend on the traditional charismatic ruler. Watch for actions, even those passed through large legislative bodies or institutions. Authoritarianism can be insidious.<\/p>\n

#1. Centralizing power   <\/strong><\/h3>\n

The centralization of power is essential to authoritarian rule. This includes removing checks and balances that curb parties and people from holding all the power and acting above the rule of law. How does this work? Authoritarians need cooperation from legislatures, court systems, and other institutions. Filling them with loyal people is one of the best ways to ensure an authoritarian’s ability to break or rewrite laws, and as scholar Anne Applebaum describes in Twilight of Democracy<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>maintain a \u201csoft dictatorship.\u201d An authoritarian might also remove democratic standards at the root. Viktor Orban, the Prime Minister of Hungary, provides a good example. In 2011, he ushered in a new constitution and changed hundreds of electoral laws, giving his political party more power<\/a>. If you\u2019re unsure whether a ruler is acting like an authoritarian, look at the rules they change and who they appoint to important positions. Do these changes hold them more or less accountable? Are people chosen for their qualifications or their loyalty?<\/p>\n

#2. Controlling the media and flow of information <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarians want to control everything, including reality itself. Controlling the media and information landscape lets them spread favorable narratives about themselves and damaging ones about their enemies. In The Age of the Strongman<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>Gideon Rachman describes how despite promising media freedom, Vladimir Putin quickly brought all independent media under government control. Two oligarchs previously in charge of independent media organizations fled the country; one died under mysterious circumstances<\/a> in 2013. This type of media control violates the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to seek, receive, and share information and ideas through media (Article 19<\/a> of the UDHR). With a grip on information, authoritarians try to present the world with a twisted version of reality that paints them as a strong and noble savior. Supporters are encouraged to dismiss and attack any opposing information, no matter how accurate it is. For the authoritarian, truth is something to be created, not discovered.<\/p>\n

#3. Claiming to be \u201cof the people\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarians often present themselves as avatars of \u201cordinary people\u201d in a battle against an elite force bent on their oppression. This philosophy is known as \u201cpopulism.” Because it\u2019s hard to argue that society favors the wealthy and powerful while crushing the poor, authoritarians seize on the idea to justify their leadership. As The Age of the Strongman <\/em>describes, <\/em>India\u2019s Prime Minister Modi claims a \u201cdirect relationship\u201d with the people. He came into power promising to bring justice and wealth to \u201cthe real Indians\u201d left behind by the old governments. American president Donald Trump uses similar language by claiming to have the best interest of the underserved at heart while deriding \u201cthe elite.\u201d These nods to populism are typically a facade. In his first term, Trump signed a $1.9 trillion tax bill<\/a> that disproportionately favored corporations and the wealthiest Americans. Instead of helping the working-class Americans Trump claims to represent, his policies have hurt them.<\/p>\n

#4. Justifying drastic action with existential threats <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarians claw for absolute power with the message, \u201cI have to do this to save everyone.\u201d They claim a situation is so dire, a country must surrender its normal rights and freedoms to survive. Marginalized groups are almost always classified as threats. For an authoritarian like Hitler, it was Jewish people, who he classified as a separate, inferior race responsible for Germany\u2019s defeat<\/a> in WWI. Viktor Orban\u2019s hatred of George Soros, a Jewish philanthropist, echoes this demonization<\/a>. In the United States and parts of Europe, migrants and refugees get scapegoated for just about every economic and social problem. While ethnic or religious groups are often targeted, authoritarians go after political enemies, too. On December 3, 2024, South Korean President Yoon declared martial law<\/a>, saying it was needed to combat pro-North Korean forces trying to destroy the country. At the time of writing, Yoon was under investigation for insurrection. While this grasp for more power has currently failed, justifying drastic and violent action with existential threats is a classic authoritarian move.<\/p>\n

#5. Promising to bring back an era of greatness<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarians love to harken back to \u201cthe good old days.\u201d As The Age of the Strongman <\/em>says, \u201cIn different ways, they [authoritarians] all promise to restore a lost era of national greatness.\u201d Nationalism, which prioritizes national identity and interests at the expense of other nations and people, defines an authoritarian approach to issues like foreign policy and immigration. Vladimir Putin is obsessed with the Russian empire<\/a>, arguing that Ukraine needs to become part of Russia again to restore its greatness. \u201cMake America Great Again,\u201d Donald Trump\u2019s political slogan, is a textbook example of nationalist ideology, as is senior advisor Stephen Miller<\/a>‘s cry at a 2024 rally, \u201cAmerica is for Americans and Americans only.\u201d In an authoritarian telling of history, the past is always better, nationalists are superior, and only an authoritarian leader can restore a land to its full glory.<\/p>\n

How do we address authoritarianism? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Authoritarianism cannot survive without support, so refusing to cooperate is the only way to end it. What does resistance look like? Here are three examples:<\/p>\n

#1. Don\u2019t fall into the outrage trap<\/strong><\/h3>\n

As authoritarians gather power and shatter norms, it\u2019s easy to become shocked and appalled. While there\u2019s nothing inherently wrong with outrage, that emotion alone isn\u2019t enough to stop an authoritarian. It\u2019s also exhausting. Day after day, you\u2019ll experience an onslaught of terrible news, and if you aren\u2019t careful, your outrage can trap you. Humans aren\u2019t meant to consume huge amounts of information so quickly, so while you may think you\u2019re staying informed, you\u2019re actually frying your brain cells. Take a break. Turn off the news and get off your phone. You don\u2019t need to stay outraged 24\/7 to resist authoritarianism. You must pace yourself.<\/p>\n

#2. Watch out for us-against-them narratives <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Authoritarians love pitting people against each other. Resist the urge to participate, even when you feel justified. As an example, President Trump\u2019s proposed tariffs could raise the prices<\/a> of groceries and other essential goods, and if this becomes a reality, it will affect his supporters, too. Many will never regret voting for him, but if there\u2019s an opportunity to unite against high prices and make changes, people need to take it. Clinging to us-versus-them narratives splits movements before they even form and only benefits authoritarians who thrive on conflict. Watch out for narratives that ask you to blame your neighbor or your coworker or an abstract \u201cthem.\u201d To fight authoritarians, you must join with people with whom you have very little in common. If you\u2019re always pointing fingers and gnawing at each other\u2019s throats, the authoritarians win.<\/p>\n

#3. Do what you can where you can <\/strong><\/h3>\n

When you look at the big picture of what needs to change, resisting authoritarianism is overwhelming. Remember, tyranny does not fall because of one person, but if one person resists, it inspires the next person, and then the next. Do what you can where you can. Support independent media, teachers, labor unions, lawyers, judges, and election workers. Donate and volunteer with organizations that provide food, education, clothing, legal resources, and healthcare. Commit to understanding how political processes work and refuse to accept what an authoritarian sells you as reality. Refuse to participate in dehumanization. Authoritarianism is not only a battle for government control but for the control of people\u2019s minds. Do everything you can to keep your mind your own, and remember, without support, authoritarianism will fall.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":31493,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8805],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issues","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAuthoritarianism 101: Definition, Examples, and How to Address It | Human Rights Careers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanrightscareers.com\/issues\/authoritarianism-101-definition-examples-and-how-to-address-it\/\" \/>\n<meta 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